DBQ Opium in China Essay examples - 1745 Words

DBQ: Opium in China While most of the Western Hemisphere was undergoing drastic advancements, such as former colonies gaining their independence and transforming into more modernized nations, a lot of mishaps were occurring in the Eastern Hemisphere—China, specifically—a nation that was notorious for its isolation from foreign influences. European nations began to greedily eye China’s abundance of desirable resources, such as tea, porcelain, and silk. However, China had very little need or desire for European goods. In an attempt to resolve the trade imbalance Britain began importing opium into China, which would prove to be disastrous for the Chinese population. The dispute over the importation of the drug eventually led to the†¦show more content†¦He acknowledges that the Queen was surely too kind-hearted to impose that sort of treatment on another country, especially seeing as how she made each ship that went to Canto carry a document that said, â€Å"you shall not be p ermitted to carry contraband goods†. Thus, the Queen did not openly allow the trade of opium to continue, but failed to enforce the law. He implores her to make sure that the laws of the central dynasty were not violated again (Document 2). The perspective being shown is from a Chinese man who does not use opium, for he sees it as only causing harm. Lin Zexu was the imperial commissioner who was originally assigned to stop the opium trade in Canton. He was fiercely opposed to the exchange of opium and his actions were considered to be a major catalyst for the start of the Opium War. The emperor wrote to Zexu, â€Å"You have caused this war by your excessive zeal† (Document 6). By 1839, war was imminent. The opium trade had caused the reversal of the silver deficit, now putting an economic strain on China, while Britain’s economy flourished from the profit they were making off the drug. Because it was being illegally imported, all of the money was going directly t o Britain instead of to the Chinese government in the form of taxes. This caused a severe economic decline in China as unemployment rose, agriculture declined, and funding for public improvements diminished. During a public meeting in Canton, an agreement

Effect Of Integrating Computer Integrated Instruction For...

The effect of incorporating computer integrated instruction for students with disabilities was analyzed through three different articles. In the first article Games for Engaged Learning of Middle School Children, the study focused on middle school students playing pre-algebra games and the outcome of their learning. There were three different games introduced to the students and the study found that the students were engaged, working together, and competitive. Part of the study tracked the students weekly progress reports of school performance and knowledge tests on the game related math content. The downfall of the study was that the students were not able to verbalize the skills they were working on or learning in the games, only the†¦show more content†¦Progress was made for the student with the number of problems wrong but it varied over the study. The second study focused on the results when teacher instructed is coupled with a tutorial- based computer integrated activity. The activity on the computer required the student to remove stimulus elements after saying saying it aloud or to himself. This also viewed and charted the results with 20 random multiplication problems. The results of the study showed that the process made from the first study with just the computer instruction, the student didn t retain the information. However, when paired with the teacher instruction the second study showed much improvement in the mistakes made when solving the 20 multiplication problems and the student still retained the information a month after the study. The third article focused on a study that evaluated students with ADHD after incorporating computer integrated instruction to help with the deficit areas. This study focused on three different students that had learning disabilities and was diagnosed with ADHD. The students were allowed to use computer games to supplement math instruction throughout the week. Two of the students used the comput er for 10-15 min three times per week while the other student only used it twice a week for 15 minutes. All of the students showed an increase in digits correct per minute from baseline to intervention. One of the

Genetic Disorders - 1363 Words

Genetic disorders are a topic in biology that can not be avoided. The fact is that genetic disorders can happen in humans, plants or animal. No one and nothing is safe from a genetic disorder. A genetic disorder can appear in the first years off life, or can appear much later in life when least expected. A basic principal of biology states that the behavior of chromosomes during the meiosis process can account for genetic inheritance patterns. There are many reasons for genetic disorders. To start it is important to understand what a genetic disorder is. It is a mutation in the genetic material of a person. The mutant gene is transmitted through birth. These genetic mutations can create serious complications and even death. It is†¦show more content†¦However under certain circumstances their have been cases of people developing the disease from the recessive gene. In simple terms in order for a person to have the disease both parents must have the trait. If only one parent h as the disease there is a chance of the trait being passed on. Huntington disease is a degeneration of the nervous system. It usually occurs in the older part of someone life. As the disease becomes worse it could cause uncontrollable movements in the body. Because the disease causes loss of brain cells, a person can lose memory. It can also contribute to depression. It takes about to ten to twenty years after the first signs of the disease for death to follow. Huntington is a dominant disorder. Children of carriers have a fifty percent chance of inheriting the disease. It is not mandatory for both parents to have the trait for it to be passed on. Huntington is a single gene disorder. Meaning that even if only one parent has the trait the disease can still occur. Alzheimer is on the other hand not a single cell gene disorder. More then one gene mutation can cause this disease. In some cases one gene from each parent is needed in order for the person to get the disease. All offspring in one generation have a fifty / fifty chance of getting this disease. Alzheimer is similar to Huntington in that one loses memory. It usually occurs between the ages of forty and fifty. It currently affects four point fiveShow MoreRelatedGenetic Disorder And Genetic Disorders1351 Words   |  6 PagesA genetic disorder is a disease that is caused by missing or abnormalities in the chromosomes of a human. Finding out if an offspring has a genetic disorder can be determined by using basic genetics. The Punnett Square, a diagram used to predict the results of a crossing or breeding of two species, can determine the outcome of an offspring by using the genotypes of both parents. Pairing the genotypes of both parents together can show the four different genotypes of offspring, two being female, andRead More Genetic Disorders Essay1343 Words   |  6 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Genetic disorders are a topic in biology that can not be avoided. The fact is that genetic disorders can happen in humans, plants or animal. No one and nothing is safe from a genetic disorder. A genetic disorder can appear in the first years off life, or can appear much later in life when least expected. A basic principal of biology states that the behavior of chromosomes during the meiosis process can account for genetic inheritance patterns. There are many reasons for genetic disorders. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;ToRead MoreAutism Is A Genetic Disorder907 Words   |  4 Pageszeroing in on genetic mutations, brain chemistry abnormalities, and maternal factors. One possible cause that can lead to autism is genetic mutations. First of all, families studies indicate that children can affected by autism through heredity. It is true that children inherited some characteristics from their parents. This is because a chromosome of a child produced by one chromosome father and the other one from mother, which formed as DNA. As a matter of fact, if parents have some genetic disease,Read MoreGenetic Disorders and Down Syndrome Essay969 Words   |  4 PagesA genetic disorder is a disease that is caused by an abnormality in an individuals DNA. Abnormalities can range from a small mutation in a single gene to the addition or subtraction of an entire chromosome or set of chromosomes† (Letsou). Most individuals are either related to or know someone who is effected by some ty pe of disability. Many of these disabilities are caused by genetic disorders. Genetic disorders may alter physical appearance and cause mild to severe mental retardation. Fragile XRead MoreThe Genetic Disorder of Down Syndrome1238 Words   |  5 Pagescase of genetic disorder. There are so many all over in the world and many doctors still don’t even know what to call them. Some don’t even know they have a disease in them till its too late, or other know all there lives and some learn to live with the disease and others live every day in fear of getting even more sick and hurt. Genetic disorders are very common some more than others. Its all has to do with our 46 chromosomes. Genetic disorders can occur to anyone. Many people believe genetic disordersRead MoreHuntington s Disease : A Genetic Disorder1121 Words   |  5 Pagesneurodegenerative genetic disorder. It affects the muscle coordination and decline in cognitive that leads to dementia. It affects both males and females in their middle age (J.D, 2015). Huntington’s disease is most common in genetic causes the leads to abnormal involuntary movement also called Huntington’s chorea (J.D, 2015). Epidemiology: Huntington s disease is a rare neuropsychiatric disorder it occurs in a population of 5-10 per 100,000. Huntington disease is a hereditary disorder. ItRead MoreGenetic Disorders ( Genetic Disease Foundation ) Essay1607 Words   |  7 PagesThere are around 6,000 known genetic disorders (Genetic Disease Foundation). The symptoms of these disorders range from memory loss to blindness, physical abnormalities and more. A process known as gene editing was created in an attempt to do away with genetic disorders. Gene editing was named â€Å"Science Magazine s Breakthrough of the Year 2015† due to its ease and high accessibility (ScienceDirect). It works by using CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and Cas9 to makeRead MoreGenetic Disorders: Angelman Syndrome866 Words   |  3 Pages A genetic disorder is a mutation in an organisms DNA. It is caused by a change in the sequencing of the nucleotides that make up a specific gene. The genet ic disorder can be inherited by offspring, but it may or may not show in the offspring depending on whether the genetic disorder is a dominate or recessive allele. There are many genetic disorders that humans develop and inherit. Some disorders cause improvements within the human species while others cause severe retardation of the human speciesRead MoreHypercholesterolemia: A Genetic Disorder612 Words   |  2 PagesHuman genetics can play a major role in determining ones physical condition. One slight change in a genetic sequence can cause a disorder that can be life threating to the organism. Most of the genetic disorders are caused by recessive allele. In most cases this recessive allele is undetectable due to the disorder not being presented in the physical appearance. Hypercholesterolemia is an example of a human disorder controlled by a single gene. This human disorder causes high levels of cholesterolRead MoreThe Genetic Disorder : Prader Willi Syndrome1558 Words   |  7 PagesPrader-Willi Syndrome is a genetic disorder that is passed down maternally. The paternal genes of the chromosome 15 in the region of q11-q13 are deleted or unexpressed. The result of these deletions carries distinct phenotypes that differentiate PWS from other disorders (Bà ¶hm, 2014). Some characteristics are a short stature, and specific facial features that tend to make the affected persons resemble one other such as seen in Down syndrome. This typically includes â€Å"almond-shaped eyes, a thin upper

Movie Reflection Free Essays

string(142) " reel to reel was the standard for decades, DAT \(Digital Auto Tape\) has captured the market because of its quality, convenience, and price\." What is in your movie? ENG 225 Hannah Judson March 15, 2010 What is in your movie? How does one analysis a movie? How does one watch a movie? What are you looking for in the movie? When you watch the movie, does the movie tell you a story or do you learn any life lessons from it? Movie making is considered an industry and an art form; as an artist media, it can come in a form of expression. A movie has so many components intertwined into it to make it overall and complete. Therefore, is there any one component that is superior to the other when the creators are composing the movie?There are so many elements and components used in creating and analysis a movie. We will write a custom essay sample on Movie Reflection or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, before we take a look at those elements, let’s take a look at the history of films. Let’s start with silent films; many silent films were produced in the United States back in the early 1900’s. However, filmgoers never really got to enjoy the film in the theaters as they were intended to be seen. Silent films were meant to be viewed with the intentions of a full musical orchestra behind the film as was the case with The Birth of a Nation in 1915 (Griffith, 1915).The silent film, with the full musical composition playing behind it, made the movie experience seem much more complete. Now days, so many years later, after the original context, the films have lost the excitement as was intended by the directors. As we look more into the actual making of the film itself, each and every film was recorded on a reel of film. Until the standardization of the projection speed of 24 frames per second (fps) for sound films in 1926, silent films were shot at variable speeds or â€Å"frame rates†, typically anywhere from 16 to 23 frames per second or faster.Unless carefully shown at their original speeds they can appear unnaturally fast and jerky, which reinforces their alien appearance to modern viewers. Eventually, they had the ability to add shades of color into the film. When they wanted to add color into a particular shot, they would actually have to hand paint the slide prior to the film being projected. After many attempts to color each slide and make a complete movie, the directors realized how difficult and time consuming it was to complete it. As time went on, they tried to use another technique known as â€Å"tinting†; this was done by coloring the film stock prior to printing on the film.This two-color effect would display the look of black and white and whichever other color that it was tinted in, for example, if they wanted to have a night scene, they would tint the stock blue to make the allusion of a night scene. As was the case in the movie Intolerance (Griffith, 1916), by the Pioneer director D. W. Griffith, also known as the, â€Å"Father of American Films† (Boggs Petrie, 2008, p. 482). Another coloring technique that was used was known as â€Å"toning†; this was done by adding dye to the film itself so that the lines of the image were colored.By combining the two steps of toning and tinting gave it a two color image experience. Furthermore, as it comes to the langue of the silent films, we could hear a breath taking and moving experience even without the actors saying a word. When the actors were acting in a silent film they were able to communicate and express to the audience by body language, purely by visual elements. How they were able to say so much and have the audience’s attention and involvement was done by their ability to communicate with their eyes, mouth, hands, and body movement.For example, in the movie, City Lights (Chaplin, 1931), Charlie Chaplin, was able to get the audience involved and laughing with his ability to use his body language and facial expression. He would make distinct facial expression with his eyes, eyebrows and mouth to display a stage of concern, happiness, or disbelief, and his ability was very powerful. The silent film language was not limited to the face alone; it was expressed by all aspect of the actor’s body. Another very important element of silent films was the actor’s ability to walk. We would think that being able to walk in a film would have no merit to it. No so, as in the case of Charlie Chaplin, he had a very unique walk of his own. When Charlie Chaplin would walk in the film, you could tell who it was without even seeing the actor’s face. It has stated that silent films at its best could express ideas that words itself could not express. As we have enjoyed silent films for many years, we have come to love and enjoy other forms of techniques that unfortunately were not in the silent films. For example, as we moved out of the silent film era, we moved deeper into sounds and we are therefore able to hear the dialogue that gives a different type of expression and experience.Considering that film is usually thought of as a visual medium, sound plays an incredibly vital role. There are three very important elements that go into creating sounds in motion films, they are, sound effects, dialogue, and musical score. By adding these elements into the movie, they are increasing the involvement and intensity of the experience. Capturing great quality of sound for the movie is another craft that you will need to learn. If the film contains dialogue, it is very important to be able to record it so the words and mouth movements match up; this is known as â€Å"lip sync†.Shooting film is not just getting a hold of a camera, unlike video, you cannot just record sound directly into the camera, and you will need to record onto sound-recording equipment, like a tape recorder. Although the â€Å"Nagra† reel to reel was the standard for decades, DAT (Digital Auto Tape) has captured the market because of its quality, convenience, and price. You read "Movie Reflection" in category "Papers" Sometimes when recording a film and the dialogue is not very clear during the shoot and must be re-recorded in a studio, preferably using the same recording equipment used during the shoot, this is known as â €Å"dubbing†.There are many different types of equipment that are available for recording known as the ADR (Automatic Dialogue Replacement). When it is necessary, the actors would sit in a sound-proof booth with a screen to play back the movie and allow the actors to re-enact the scene and re-record the dialogue all over again. On feature films, sound engineers use huge multi-track mixing desks and high quality monitor speakers to ensure that the audio is well-balanced and what needs to be heard is audible. Furthermore, any sounds that were not captured during the shoot are added at the post-production stage.Work on sounds that need enhancing; footsteps, doors, creaking, and so on, are usually done by a Foley artist. They create and record all manner of sound and noises in a studio using their own favorite props. A great example that a Foley artist would be used for would be any animated movies. My favorite animated movie of all time is Monsters Inc. ( Docter, 2001). All of the different sound effects that were made, for example, when â€Å"Sully† was riding around on different doors, the Foley artist had to create the sound of a pulley.Another example of this would be from the movie Titanic when the ship was breaking apart and people were jumping into the water, the sound crew and Foley artist had to implement the sounds by creatively using breaking wood pieces and splashing water as a sound effect. Never the less, the quality of the equipment is very important for any sound crew member. They will need to be using some sort of a microphone; professional shotgun microphones are extremely sensitive and will pick up an incredible amount of ambient sound, despite their narrow recording field.To ensure that they capture only the actors’ voice, they need to have the microphone as close as possible to them; this would want to be done by mounting the microphone onto a boom stick. Apart from the environmental sounds, shoot ing the movie outside has the added challenges of picking up the wind sound; however, this can be eliminated if they were to use a â€Å"wind boot†. Whatever equipment or methods they might be using to record the sound, getting the best voice recording is imperative, even though it is possible to do voiceover in post-production; the actors are not always able to recapture the intensity of the moment.This leads me into what is the next important element of the movies, â€Å"effective storytelling†. Maybe there is no absolute right way to tell a story, however, I am sure there is probably a wrong way, which will be obvious if you don’t capture the audience. I feel the trick of storytelling is not what you say, but how you will say it. How you tell the story will also be how the audience will interpret it. This is a common device that is used to sway people’s opinion or to gain sympathy for a person or event.For feature films the general idea is that you have to grab the audience within the first ten minutes, although this really means that the screenplay needs to catch the reader within the first few pages or take the chance of it being rejected. A credible story has many elements that need to be woven into it, for example, the theme of the movie could be the main focus, however, other elements like the characters, plot, and conflict must be carefully selected so they are uniformed in their relationship so the theme of the movie is clear.By doing this you are able to keep the audiences attention and sitting on the edge of their seats expecting more. There are different components of the film that will keep some moviegoers interested; however, those same components might be boring to other moviegoers. So how does one develop a storyline that will keep everyone’s interest? That might be done by the simplicity of the film, by clearly and directly communicating, so that it is clear to all moviegoers. However, some moviegoers like the more complex challenge of using their intellectual minds.This is done by the author’s ability to implement dramatic or emotional structure, by achieving the maximum intellectual or dra matic impact. The author would then develop the storyline in a linear or non-linear format. The storyline would still be composed of the same elements of exposition, complication, climax, and denouement; however, it would just depend on the way they were structured in the storyline. For example, in the movie Titanic (Cameron, 1997), at the beginning of the movie, they showed an elderly Rose talking with the researchers about the gemstone necklace.However, when she starting telling the story of how she received the necklace, they flashed back decades earlier to the year the ship first set sail, this is known as â€Å"non-linear structure†. In addition, conflict is another major degree of complexity within the film. When I recently watched the movie, One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest (Forman, 1975), I noticed the dramatic component of â€Å"human conflict† between Nurse Ratched and the mental patient Randall Mc Murphy. They struggled constantly throughout the movie until the very end when Randall received a frontal lobotomy.Needless to say, the conflict be tween Nurse Ratched and mental patient, Mc Murphy, was not the only thing that I noticed from the movie. The actor’s ability to portray the characters that they were playing really stood out to me. I noticed the roles of Miller played by Alonzo Brown, Turkle played by Scatman Crothers, Martini played by Danny DeVito, were done in an impersonator role, they all had the ability to take on the personality traits of a mentally ill patient. As was the case of â€Å"Rudy†, who was played by, Michael Jeter, in the movie Patch Adams (Shadyac, 1998), Actor MichaelJeter had to take on the characteristics and traits of a very disturbed Schizophrenia patient. He very successfully portrayed the behavior of someone suffering from the mental illness of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia causes affected people to exhibit odd and often highly irrational or disorganized behavior, included such symptoms as anxiety, restlessness and hallucinations. In one of the scenes, Rudy, who was a patient in the mental ward, had mentioned to â€Å"Patch† that he needed to use the restroom and then inst antly, Rudy’s mental state changed, he was hallucinating that he was being under attack by squirrels.For someone who did not really suffer from this disease, by his ability as an actor that he was actually suffering from the disease, he sure convinced me. In this scenario, I feel that Michael Jeter developed his character from the â€Å"inside out approach. † He was able to fully understand every aspect of his character’s personality and develop the behavior from there. Not the case of Robin Williams’s character, Patch Adams was developed on the â€Å"outside in approached. † Robin Williams portrayed a â€Å"living† person; therefore he had to learn everything about this character form the source.With this approach, the actor must know everything there is know about this certain individual, his likes, dislikes, his behavior, his wants, his needs, what makes him tick, and especially his sense of humor. I am sure that this particular â€Å"interpreter† character was not very difficult for Robin Williams to get into character. He has always been very successful as a stand up comedian, therefore, when he was asked to play this character; he seemed to be right at home. When I stop to think about the real reason behind why movies are made, one can only think about the true intentions of the film industry.There are many reasons why screenwriter, directors, producers, and everyone else that are involved with the creation of the film. What stand out the most is how the film makers are able to depict so many important issues that need to have a wide array of people’s attention. What better way for something to be brought to the attention of thousands, even millions of people’s attention, except through a film, plays, stage performances, or musicals. They are creatively brought to light through different genres, a comedy, documentary, drama, musical, or any other form of entertainment.Some are of true life stories, others are done through the creative mind of an artist. With this we get to see the lead actor, supporting actor, super hero, villains, demons, tricksters and many other characters that are brought to life through the films crea tor. Furthermore, it is important to understand the elements that are woven into the creation. As I bring this paper to an end, I hope that in some way you are able to understand that there are many components that are woven into the creation of a film that is extraordinarily magical.To be able to see the magical transformation within the experience is an individual experience that one must find within them. I know for myself, I have seen and experience something new and hope that everyone else has the ability to find and encounter the same extraordinary experience. How to cite Movie Reflection, Papers

Decryption and Encryption Communication System †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Decryption and Encryption Communication System. Answer: Introduction: Symmetric key encryption is a kind of encryption system which uses same keys for encryption as well as decryption of a communication. Thereby it means the sender and the receiver are to use the same key for interpreting the communication string. For example, AES 128, AES 192 and AES 256 are some of the most widely used symmetric encryption keys. The said method of encryption is safe and secure as well as works at a faster pace. But the disadvantage that it offers is that there is no warranty as to the safe exchanging of keys between the two parties in a communication (technopedia. 2017). Thus the said methodology of encryption conforms to a safe way of exchanging data. Public key encryption is a kind of encryption which utilises two mathematically linked but keys which are not identical in nature, thus named as private and public. The later key ensures encryption of information and the former key decrypts the message. It is this condition which helps to differentiate the same with the symmetric form of encryption. The one accepting the dialogue will get hold of a special key which is the private or furtive key. However the key which is available by the one who is to receive the message is termed as public key. RSA Cryptosystem , EiGamal Cryptosystem and Elliptic Curve Cryptography are the three most prominent public key. Hence it can be said that public key encryption is a system which allows occurrence of an encryption only if the public key is available and decryption only if the private key is available (redhat.com. 2017). In this manner, it is next to impossible to interpret the private key although the public key is known to the receiver. Alteration of a loop of typesets into a normally known length value of a petite type or key that denotes the exclusive order is termed as hashing. With a diminutive hashed key, one can easily search for the various data and strings, instead of searching for the same via an exclusive value. Hashing also contributes towards encrypting and decrypting of digital signatures, catalogue the exclusive key and also is utilised in future every time the data is linked with the assessment or key is to be resumed. It is a monologue operation (James. 2017). Therefore it is established that hashing is one of the most acceptable methods to conform security at the time of process of transmission of strings of communication specially when the message is for an exclusive receiver. It is the symmetric key encryption methodology which is the best for maintaining both authentication and confidentiality of information. Denial of Service attacks (DOS) wherein the attackers ensure that the network users are unable to use the information by flowing in a huge number of requests that link the resources is one such cyber threat which is feared by all. Thus an intended attempt to ensure crippling of a network or a website from its expected users can be listed under the DOS attack. Two ways to defend your company from denial of service attacksare: First method of defending against the DOS attack is the companies can buy and position specific DOS alleviation equipments. It is a specialised hardware that is placed within the information centre of a company in abut of the regular servers and routers and a specially formulated in such a way which helps to find out and sort the malware traffic. The said deice is a costly one and is useful only when there is a DOS attack. Further it should be updated on a frequent basis so that the attack can be defended well as the older versions may not be able to deal with the same. Further to this the said method is highly useful for defending a small network attack and not a voluminous one. In the world of cloud computing, it is equally important for the enterprises who have opted for cloud storage to ensure that defend is ready against the attacks to the cloud servers. Thereby the Cloud mitigation providers help to deal with the said attack. A huge amount of network bandwidths have been constructed and DOS lessening competence at various places surrounding the internet that has the potential to capture any kind of network traffic. They can scrub the traffic and only send the unaffected data to the data center. The said type of protection calls for expertise who are required to check on a continuous basis the various ways of DOS being used by the malafide people. It helps in filtering at various layers which is very crucial in this complex method of storage of data (Leach 2013). It has become almost impossible for the entities and individuals to live without their PCs and laptops. When it comes to a company, then the entire system is interconnected in such a manner that the said system no more remains as simple. Thereby it is very crucial to ensure that the said systems are being protected well from various attacks as one attack may lead to a huge loss of data in monetary terms as well. Some of the ways of protecting the same are: Access of the systems are not given to all, but to only very specific people who are highly trusted. The crucial and the most wanted data and reports should be safeguarded by applying strong passwords due to which any kind of access which is not authorised can be prevented. Apart from penning down the security rules, the system administrator should impart adequate training on a regular basis. Installation of firewalls and timely backups also prevent data being lost by malicious attacks. Lastly, mails from unknown sources should not be opened and the attachments should not be downloaded as they may contain viruses which may infect the entire system (Shinder 2007). Apart from the above, various times one deletes data and thinks the same is no more available to be accessed. However these deleted database are stored in the recycle bins from where it can be easily restored back. Hence the same should be protected by a passcode which would ensure that unauthorised accessibility is denied. So as to prevent robbery of the companys PCs and laptops, the entities should ensure maintenance of a log book which would mention the inventory of stock of these systems. Apart front he same, those systems which have been out of use for quite sometime should be kept in a room which is locked and a security alert bell should be mounted which would ring as soon as unauthorised individuals try to enter the system (National Centre for Education Statistics. 2017). Lastly, the security of accessibility of long unused PCs can be maintained by ensuring that a strong password is given which would make access difficult. DPI is a sort of computer network packet which helps in evaluation and inspection of the data collection transmitted from one PC to the other with the help of a network. It is a complicated method which works at the seventh step of the Open System Interconnection suggestion model. The importance of the vendors who supply DPIs have augmented over the years simply because of the large number of attacks being done due to the internet due to which people are more inclined towards ensuring that the incorrect use of the system are curbed (Ohlhorst, 2014). DPI along with serving to the header and footer of a document, also caters to the main content and hence checks for illegality if any (tec.gov.in. 2015). The DPI is processing intensive because it concerns about the various grounds which are a part of the packet, hence because of this the DPI demands for more time and processing power and thereby have the courage to do it a 10Gbps. At the time of working on arresting the machines, there may be innumerable instances of network activities which are on the go. For example many websites have been opened with the help of a single browser and there comes an instance when it becomes difficult to manage the same, it is then when the packet streams have a role to perform. Hence while any application analyse, it is critical to use the packet arrest solutions because they permit usage of main packets engaged in the user dialogues and find out the fundamental grounds of an issue. Also one can summarise the same by saying that it is critical because a singular packet will not acquire much latent to decide certain type of attacks. For example it calls for various packets to search whether a network is taken care of in a pre-defined manner and checked into or if a TCP half-open DOS attack is occurring(Netfort.com. 2014). Packet stream analysis needs the Intrusion Detection System to re-establish and distinguish the packets so as to wrap up if an attack is intriguing. The enlarged packet whole and re-enactment spots a vast indulgence strain on IDS. References: James,M. (2016). Hashing: The Greatest Idea in Programming. Retrieved from https://www.i-programmer.info/babbages-bag/479-hashing.html Redhat.com. (2017). Chapter 1: Introduction to Public Key Cryptography. Retrieved from https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-US/Red_Hat_Certificate_System/8.1/html/Deploy_and_Install_Guide/Introduction_to_Public_Key_Cryptography.html Technopedia. (2016). Symmetric Encryption. Retrieved from https://www.techopedia.com/definition/1789/symmetric-encryption Leach,S. (2013).Four ways to defend against DDoS attacks. Retrieved from https://www.networkworld.com/article/2170051/security/tech-primers-four-ways-to-defend-against-ddos-attacks.html National Centre for Education Statistics. (2017). Security Policy: Development and Implementation. Retrieved from https://nces.ed.gov/pubs98/safetech/chapter3.asp Shinder,D. (2007). 10 physical security measures every organization should take. Retrieved from https://www.techrepublic.com/blog/10-things/10-physical-security-measures-every-organization-should-take/ tec.gov.in. (2015). Deep Packet Inspection. Retrieved from https://tec.gov.in/pdf/Studypaper/White%20paper%20on%20DPI.pdf Netfort.com. (2014). Flow Analysis Versus Packet Analysis . What Should You Choose? Retrieved from https://www.netfort.com/wp-content/uploads/PDF/WhitePapers/NetFlow-Vs-Packet-Analysis-What-Should-You-Choose.pdf Ohlhorst,F. (2014). Why Deep Packet Inspection still matters .Retrieved from https://www.techrepublic.com/article/why-deep-packet-inspection-still-matters/

Efficient Market Hypothesis - Financial Concepts Free Sample

Question: Explain how behavioural finance challenges the efficient market hypothesis. Within your explanation discuss the implications of behavioural finance for investment managers? Answer: Introduction The superiority of the Efficient Market Hypothesis was challenged due to the emergence of the Behavioral Finance. From that point forward, the conventional standard methodology has been in a consistent clash against this new and progressively acknowledged standard of the investing behavior. The shortcomings of the hypothesis have turned into the investing weapon of the new exploratory methodology (Kartaova, Remeikiene, Gaspareniene and Venclauskien, 2014). Efficient market process and the investing rationality have contradicted the psychology of investors, market bubbles and biasness of the investors. Efficiency of information and the integration approach of the arbitrage have been found to be conflicting with the inefficient access to the market information as well anomalies in the market in case of long term (Gupta, Preetibedi and mlakra, 2014). This paper will a provide deep and insight analysis regarding the concept of efficient market hypothesis and behavioral finance. Efficient Market Hypothesis Efficient market hypothesis is one of the most important investment theories and it is also considered as the spine of the present financial theories. Since early 1960s to the middle of 1990s the efficient market hypothesis was considered to be the principal investing theory and the most popular approach accepted by the financial analysts. According to Malkiel (2003), the efficient markets do not permit the investors to obtain returns which are higher than the average. It can be implied that that the efficient market hypothesis emphasizes on the efficient of the market in terms of the highly efficient level of news, information along with perfect communication (Borges, 2009). The efficient market hypothesis has described efficient market where huge number of investors who are rational and focuses on profit maximization through actively participating in the competition. In the efficient market, the investors focus on anticipating the future of the financial market for estimating the values of securities. Additionally, one of the most important features of the efficient market is all the relevant and information can be easily accessed by all the investors participating in the market. Hence, the individual stock as well as the aggregate stock market is characterized as efficient as the investors can access the entire available information foe integrating it into the present prices of the stocks. The efficient market hypothesis assumes that when any information or news arise, it gets easily spread within the market and instantly gets incorporated in the stock prices. Efficient market hypothesis has significantly focused on the integration, efficiency, market information and reflection. Eugene Fama has acknowledged the model and stated that in an actie market which is consisted of various rational as well as investors, stocks will be price appropriately and all the available market information will be reflected on the price of the stocks. The economists and scholars have distinguished efficiency in the market in three major forms. In case of the strong form, the public as well as the private information significantly contributes in pricing of stocks. Consequently, it does not allow the investors for achieving the competitive advantages. In the semi strong form, the stock prices significantly reflect the public financial information such as financial position of the company, announcement of the companies (Westerlund and Narayan, 2013). On the other, in case of the weak efficiency form, all the historical prices of the securities are integrated into the present price. Hence, these factors cannot be used for anticipating the future situation. In efficient markets, the investors have no scope to outperform and hence, investors cannot achieve higher returns from their investment. As all the information is available, no investor can be differentiated as market specialist or investment expert. Additionally, it has been found that any kind of new news or information in the market do not have the potential for bringing out unusual profit as those information will be easily available to the investors and will be reflected on the prices of stocks. It must be noted that the information which is instantly integrated in the market prices of which is public as well as can be accessed easily (Kartaova, Remeikiene, Gaspareniene and Venclauskien, 2014). The active managers will be unable to achieve higher level of performance though exploitation of the available private information. The market forecasts the future condition in an unbiased way and the information is reflected in a more objective manner in comparison to the insiders. Addi tionally, the return maximization from the uninterrupted trading is stopped as all the relevant information is integrated in the price of the stocks (McCauley, Bassler and Gunaratne, 2008). It is evident that the fundamental analysis of the stocks of a company is conductive for assessing the stock instead of the anticipation of the future price movements. On the other hand, technical analysis cannot be utilized for experiencing the further changes over the time. In case of efficient markets, the graphical representation and other technical studies do not offer significant benefits to the investors as the historical prices are integrated in the present prices. The efficient market hypothesis has found that loge term markets are more efficient (Westerlund and Narayan, 2013). Concept of Behavioral Finance The significance of efficient market hypothesis started losing due to the emergence of behavioral finance in the 1990s. This concept focused on consideration of the human behavior on the investment decision. Basically, this concept provides an insight to the influence of human psychology in financial and investment decision making. Behavioral finance has been attempting to describe how human behavior affects the decision making related to investment as well as its impact on the market (Wojcik, Kreston and McGill, 2012). It is evident that there are some financial effects which will be dependent on the psychological variables and biases of an individual. According to Alexakis and Xanthakis (2008), financial investors are not optimal decision makers and the psychological procedures significantly affects financial decision making. Heuristics is a major basis of the behavioral finance which is perceived as the pattern of human behavior. This concept majorly focuses on the obtaining knowledge or achieving a desirable outcome through employment of a smart guesswork instead of application of particular formula. Heuristics is involved with simple techniques which are based on experience and used for solving problem. It is known as shortcuts or rule of thumbs and responsible for explaining the decision making procedure of the investors (Mehra, 2008). This technique is more applicable when the investing decisions are made with poor information. Alternatively, the investment decision making procedure in case of market volatility and complicated investing atmosphere, where the decision making becomes extensively difficult, can be analyzed with the help of this concept. The cognitive heuristics significantly help in explaining the implications of the rules. Additionally, it provides evidence of the irrational decision making of the investors. Representativeness is one of the common heuristics that states that the investor tends to attempt for fitting into a new as well as unknown event into an existing event. Therefore, they focus on identification of the mutual components in the entirely distinct events. Additionally, it has been argued that that investors judge the probabilities by the degree of one element in comparison to other element. Anchoring is considered to be one of the important cognitive heuristic. It has been found that anchoring is significantly associated with the decision making procedure of an investor which is based on the initial anchor. It means the investors focus on estimating through starting from the initial value which will be adjusted to the yield. These adjustments are often found to be erroneous which leads to irrational decision making. Another common cognitive heuristics is herding which states that the investors seek to join a group and therefore eventually develops a collective behavior in case of decision making. In this situation, people prefer to follow others instead of using their cognitive ability and information. Overconfidence is another factor that states that investors may have a tendency of overestimating their cognitive and decision making skills (Shefrin, 2001). Theories and research studies have exhibited that fallacies significant dominate the investors and it prevents them from making right investment decision. Investors have a tendency to become risk averse for losses instead of profits (Zeelenberg and Pieters, 2004). It has been found that previous gains help in reducing risk and previous loss enhances it. Mental accounting is referred to a set of rational operations utilized by the human being for organizing evaluating and keeping track of the investment activities (Smith, 2008). It engaged the tendency of an individual for generating various mental accounts on the basis of special traits and registers the events which have been encountered. Regret aversion is associated with the desire of an investor for avoiding pain which is generated from the poor investment decision such as postponing the sale of stocks which leads to loss (Muradoglu and Harvey, 2012). Apart from the above stated considerations the investing decision is significantly affected by the cognitive bias, socio economic atmosphere and culture along with the personality. It has been found that these biases lead to different logical fallacies. Behavioral finance has exhibited significant concern for the investment time. Additionally, it has suggested that the stock market bubbles are not short term. Hence the loss bubble will not be easily reimbursed immediately (Goldberg and Nitzsch, 2001). Implication of behavioral finance for investment mangers Investment management may be defined as the financial process of managing the securities and tangible assets of an individual or an organization to meet specific goals (Muneer and Rehman, 2012). Investment decision making is a complex process involving various alternative scenarios. Some of the personal factors like age, education and income effect the investors decisions. To make effective investment decision the investor has to use various technical models like CAPM. Hence, the le of behavioral finance is extensive in case of understanding the investment decisions of an individual. (Alajbeg, Bubas and Sonje, 2012) has suggested that the selection of portfolios and stocks can be increased with the use of behavioral tools. However, at the time of relying on the portfolio managers for the investment decisions, the investors will have to accept the behavioral mistakes of the portfolio managers. In majority of cases, the portfolio mangers are seen to adopt a regret aversion strategy (Ba ker and Nofsinger, 2010). Barnes (2010) opined that the major psychological biases like over confidence, anchoring, cognitive dissonance, mental accounting and regret aversion and gambler fallacy. Due to the effect of these biases, the investors tend to take poor investment decisions. The relation between the biases and the investment decisions can be explained with the help of the following theories namely Heuristic decisions process Under this process of decision-making, the investor uses the common emotional norms and mixes them with the rational thoughts in order to arrive at suitable investment decisions. The following factors are responsible for the Heuristic decisions making process. Representativeness: In cases of making investment decisions high degree of stereotyping occurs. The investors make the decisions depending upon some past investment result. Hence, if the investor has a bad experience with a similar kind of bond investment then in the future the investor will reject any investment of the similar nature or of the similar bonds (Beck and Levine, 2002). Overconfidence: Confidence is the emotional factor within the individual investor that provokes the investor to take right decisions (Shefrin, 2000). Suppose if an investor suffers a high degree of loss in an investment then he gains encouragement in form of confidence to make effective investment decision in future. Anchoring: In this case, the investors decision is guided by irrational price levels as an important process of decision-making and therefore the investors misses investment opportunities and at times makes a wrong entry into the investment market (Marx and Mpofu, 2010). Gamblers fallacy: At times depending on positive past experience the investors tend to take high investment risks. Since the experiences have fetched the investor, good returns hence the tendency to opt for more returns pushes the investor to take risky investment decisions. This situation may either prove to be positive or negative for the investor suggesting that the investor knowingly takes chances of high losses. Prospect theory The prospect theory states that the individuals while making investment decisions chose between probabilistic alternatives that involve risk and the probabilities of outcomes are known. For instance, the investor will conceive the loss of $ 1 more painful compared to the gain of twice $ 1 (He and Shen, 2010). The theory is also termed as the loss aversion theory. The mental condition of the investor forces the investor to take poor investment decisions so that risk can be avoided. The key concepts of this theory are as follows: Framing: This concept states that the method of presentation of facts influences the decisions of the investor. Hence, a negative representation will result in a loss on the part of the investment decision. Loss aversion: Since the human psychology is to avoid risks, hence when the price of a share decreases the investor refuses to sell the same and continues to retain the shares with an expectation of future price growth (Hunton, 2009). Regret aversion: This psychology induces the investor to omit any good investment opportunity so that the individual can avoid any regrets of a loss resulting from the investment. Mental accounting: Mental accounting tendency prompts the individual to categories the sources of income according to their respective expenses. Hence, the investment decision depends on the prioritizing of the income categories. Challenges faced by efficient market hypothesis due to Behavioral Finance According to Mockus and Raudys, (2010) the process of efficient market hypothesis helps the investors to be acquainted with efficient share market information. Since all investors have access to the available share information, hence it is not possible to exploit the investors. However, the rapid movement within the stock market makes it difficult for the individuals to access all information at all time of investments. Since the stock market, information is available though elaborative channels of communication hence it is difficult for the individual to combine and assimilate the same. Moreover, the emotional status of the investor also hampers the assessment of the information. Keryt (2012) opined that majority of the cases the information of stock market is available to a limited group of investors. With the help of fundamental analysis and technical analysis, the investors try to analyze the security market. If the information supplied by these analysis techniques are positive then the investor frames a positive image about the company thereby fostering a sense of confidence in respect of the investing decision. However, the technical analysis produces a forecast of the direction of the share prices hence the investors relying on the forecasts may suffer losses in future. Thus, they may form a stereotype decision on the investments and develop a sense of risk aversion in this matter. De Bondt (2009) further stated that the EMH highlights that the individuals engaged in a stock market investment decision are individuals with common characteristics namely lack of unique personality, sharing common investing traits, lack of social life and engaging in common discussions. Thus, the hypothesis creates a wrong impression on the investors and they tend to stay away from the stock markets. Rozeff (2011) commented that when the market remains efficient the investors act rationally and take efficient investing decisions. However, the occurrences of investment bubbles like the internet bubble and the real estate market bubble has shown the instances that the market is not always efficient. The addition of .com after internet based organizations. The major reason for the growth of the share prices of the internet companies was the investors speculation that the addition of .com after the internet based companies would make the companies more profitable. Hence, Simmons (2012) suggested that behavioral finance has huge affect on the market efficiencies. The financial anomalies arise majorly due to the effect of behavioral finance on the EMH. Although the investing techniques have been changed over the time however, the EMH strategies remain unmodified for the contemporary and old stock markets (Ross et al. 2004). The information supplied by the hypothesis still takes the investors to be irrational. However, with the changing time the investors have become rational and have tended to change their investment techniques. The use of modern tools like credit default swaps in the global stock markets suggests that the efficient market hypothesis has become invalid in the eyes of the investors. Moreover, Beck and Levine (2002) argued that the efficient market hypothesis suggests that the investing is a long-term decision and the stock markets should acquire efficiency in long run. However, the fact is contradicted by modern concepts of stock market that suggests that the stock investment is now a short-term decision. The profit seeking and the risk aversion psychology of the investors suggest that the investors are relying on the short-term gains so that high risk of loss can be avoided. Since the primary concept of behavioral finance is to frame the investment structure based on the behavior patterns of the investors, hence it is more effective in attractive gainful investments compared to the use of market hypothesis. Conclusion The essay shows that the major three components of a stock market are the behavioral finance, efficient market hypothesis and the investing decision. On ascertaining, the relation between the three it can be noted that behavioral finance has a huge impact on both investment decision and market hypothesis. Depending on the emotional biases, the individual designs the investment decisions. The nature of the individual will contribute to the investment decision. Moreover, the change in the behavioral patterns of the investors influences the validity of the efficient market hypothesis. With the changes in the behavioral pattern, the investors have shown that not all market hypotheses are efficient and correct. Hence, it is advisable on the part of the individual to make rational investing decisions based on the present and current information available on the stock prices of the investments. IT is also noted that due to the behavioral weaknesses the majority of the investing decisions fa il. References Alajbeg, D., Bubas, Z. and Sonje, V. (2012). The efficient market hypothesis: problems with interpretations of empirical tests.fintp, 36(1), pp.53-72. Alexakis, C. and Xanthakis, M. (2008).Behavioral Finance. Greece: Stamoulis Publications. Baker, H. and Nofsinger, J. (2010).Behavioral finance. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Barnes, P. (2010).Stock Market Efficiency, Insider Dealing and Market Abuse. Farnham: Ashgate Pub. Beck, T. and Levine, R. (2002).Industry growth and capital allocation. Cambridge, MA.: National Bureau of Economic Research. Borges, M. (2009). Efficient market hypothesis in European stock markets.The European Journal of Finance, 16(7), pp.711-726. Borges, M. (2009). Efficient market hypothesis in European stock markets.The European Journal of Finance, 16(7), pp.711-726. Brown, S. (2010). The efficient markets hypothesis: The demise of the demon of chance?.Accounting Finance, 51(1), pp.79-95. Bruce, B. (2010).Handbook of behavioral finance. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Burksaitiene, D. and Bernatonyt, D. (2012). TENDENCIES OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT.ecoman, 17(4). De Bondt, W. (2009).Financial accounting and investment management. Cheltenham, Glos, UK: Edward Elgar. Goldberg, J. and Nitzsch, R. (2001).Behavioral finance. New York: John Wiley. Gupta, E., Preetibedi, P. and mlakra, P. (2014). Efficient Market Hypothesis V/S Behavioural Finance.IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 16(4), pp.56-60. He, W. and Shen, J. (2010). Investor Extrapolation and Expected Returns.Journal of Behavioral Finance, 11(3), pp.150-160. Hunton, J. (2009).Advances in accounting behavioral research. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Kartaova, J., Remeikiene, R., Gaspareniene, L. and Venclauskien, D. (2014). Transformations of Efficient Market Hypothesis under the Influence of Behavioral Finance.Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. Keryt, A. (2012). INVESTMENT RISK ANALYSIS: THEORETICAL ASPECTS.ecoman, 17(3). Malkiel, B. (2003). The Efficient Market Hypothesis and Its Critics.Journal of Economic Perspectives, 17(1), pp.59-82. Marx, J. and Mpofu, R. (2010).Investment management. Pretoria: Van Schaik. McCauley, J., Bassler, K. and Gunaratne, G. (2008). Martingales, nonstationary increments, and the efficient market hypothesis.Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 387(15), pp.3916-3920. Mehra, R. (2008).Handbook of the equity risk premium. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Mockus, J. and Raudys, A. (2010). On the Efficient-Market Hypothesis and stock exchange game model.Expert Systems with Applications, 37(8), pp.5673-5681. Muneer, S. and Rehman, U. S. (2012). Materialization of Behavioural Finance and Behavioural PortfolioTheory: A Brief Review.Journal of Economics and Behavioural Studies, 4(8), 431-435 Muradoglu, G. and Harvey, N. (2012). Behavioural finance: the role of psychological factors in financial decisions.Review of Behavioural Finance, 4(2), pp.68-80. Ross, S. A., Westerfield, R. W. and Jefferey, J. (2004). Corporate Finance. 7th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin Rozeff, M. (2011). Market Pricing Beyond the Efficient Market Hypothesis.SSRN Journal. Shefrin, H. (2000).Beyond greed and fear. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Shefrin, H. (2001).Behavioral finance. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Pub. Simmons, P. (2012). Using a Differential Evolutionary Algorithm to Test the Efficient Market Hypothesis.Comput Econ, 40(4), pp.377-385. Smith, D. (2008). Moving from an Efficient to a Behavioral Market Hypothesis.Journal of Behavioral Finance, 9(2), pp.51-52. Westerlund, J. and Narayan, P. (2013). Testing the Efficient Market Hypothesis in Conditionally Heteroskedastic Futures Markets.Journal of Futures Markets, 33(11), pp.1024-1045. Wojcik, D., Kreston, N. and McGill, S. (2012). Freshwater, saltwater and deepwater: efficient market hypothesis versus behavioural finance.Journal of Economic Geography, 13(2), pp.257-277. Zeelenberg, M. and Pieters, R. (2004). Consequences of regret aversion in real life: The case of the Dutch postcode lottery.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 93(2), pp.155-168.

Financial System of China Free-Samples for Students- Myassignment

Question: What is Shadow Banking ? Does it pose a threat to the stability of China's Financial System? Answer: Introduction The term shadow banking is not new, however, it came into large use only recently and there is no particular definition for the term. The Financial Stability Board (FSB) widely described the term as the intermediation of credit that involves the activities and the organizations outside regular banking system. The Peoples bank of China (PBOC) utilizes the definition of the term shadow banking that demands to take particulars on their own national situation under the full account. Whatever be the definition, the shadow banks undertakes the same tasks and presumes the same risks as the banks, for instance, the activities associated with credit, maturity and the transformation of liquidity (Lardy 2013). Te definition of shadow banking is exposed to practical difficulties with regard to its precise definition as well as the usefulness for explaining the real world. Further, it is not easy to draw the borders among those activities and institutions that are guaranteed by and not guaranteed by the governments (Elliott, Douglas, Arthur Kroeber, and Yu Qiao 2013). Decoding shadow banking from the Financial Stability Board The system of shadow banking attracted much attention before global financial crisis that started during 2007. However, it became one of the root causes for the worst depression in the financial depression. There are two methods that explain the causes for the financial crisis. As per the theory of global saving glut, it is the high savings that influenced the flow of money from the emerging market economies and assisted in pushing the interest rate on the long run to be down to the bottom level. Further, the Financial Stability Board (FSB) indicated that during 2002 to 2007, the system of shadow banking increased to US$33 trillion and the size of the assets doubled from US$27 trillion to US$67 trillion. The shadow banking is considerable increasing over the past years not only in China but in the other parts of the world and the IMF has advised that the Shadow banking sector of China shall be monitored appropriately (Lu, Yunlin, Haifeng Guo, Erin H. Kao, and Hung-Gay Fung 2015). Causes of rapid growth in shadow banking There are various causes that attributed to the rapid growth of shadow banking after the financial crisis. They are Increasing of the interconnectedness and financial deregulation: the procedures of deregulation experienced the shadow financial institutions, for instance, NBFCs are becoming much more interconnected with the other sectors of financial system and much more complex with regard to the risk-taking approaches and activities. Thus, they are becoming more vulnerable with regard to other financial markets that increase the systematic risk (Elliott, Douglas J., and Yu Qiao 2015). Financial exclusion: the small personal businesses and the SMEs find it costly and difficult for accessing the credit from the formal bank and the gap is filled by the NBFCs. The poor people are denied the load owing to low income, lack of sufficient collateral and the possibilities of default. However, the microfinance offers easy access to the funds to the self-employed and the poor people at high interest rate. As the poor have no other options, they avail the loan with higher rate of interest only (Riasi, Arash 2015). Functions of China Banking Regulatory Commission Formulation of the regulations and the supervisory rules that governs the banking institutions Responsibilities of the supervisory boards administration for the major banking institutions owned by the state and the other activities that are delegated by state council (Ueda, Kenji, and Yuko Gomi 2015) Authorize the changes, termination, business scope and the establishment for the banking institutions. Conduct the fit and proper tests for the senior management under the banking institutions (Hsu, Sara, and Jianjun Li 2015). Publish and compile the reports and statistic of the overall industry of banking as per the required regulations. Provide the proposals related to the resolution related to the issues of the deposit-taking institution with regard to the required regulations Conduct the off-site surveillance and on-site examinations for banking institutions and taking into considerations the enforcement actions against the rule-breaking behaviours (Hsu, Sara 2017). Growth of shadow banking in Chinas financial system Some people from China believe that the shadow financing over China is the banking reform that has gone wrong. The shadow banking is a sign that the banks are circumventing the regulations with regard to increase or at least protect the margin of profit. However, as per the critics, this led to the possibilities of high amount for the bad debts on the bank books. As the Chinese government accounts the banking as as the strategic industry, this issue is quite bigger. In the true sense, the shadow banking is not actually banking as it includes all types of investment products that include private equity and mutual funds. The term shadow banking sometimes called as the loan from bank in disguise (Huang, Robin Hui 2015). As per the G20s financial stability board 2015, Chinas shadow banking was approximately 26% of the GDP during 2014 that was much lower as compared to the 59% average of other countries. Therefore, the most important and interesting development in China was the growth of the trusts. These trusts are the major form of equity investment and listed assets like money market and loans. Thus, they offer the banks to provide finance to the higher-risk areas that are generally restricted as per the general regulations. Owing to the shadow banking, some of the products related to wealth-management were significantly successful and offered exceptional returns to the investors (Dang, Tri Vi, Honglin Wang, and Aidan Yao 2014). Further, the corporate sector may have to sit on the level of high-debt and the leverage under the household and government sectors is lower as compared to various developed countries. As the frameworks involves various factors like high probability of exceptional price volatility, trade barriers, liquidity, exchange controls and the associated risks with the emerging markets, the frontier markets are magnified. Further, due to the shadow banking, the prices of the stocks will be fluctuates dramatically and rapidly which in turn will have impact on individual organizations, sectors, general market conditions and the specific industries (Zou, Xiao-Peng, Yu-Xiao Pang, and Hui-Lin Zhu 2013). The financial risk among the regulated financial intermediation and the shadow banking The tightening of the regulatory system of China is targeted for reducing the leverage in the financial segment, particularly the assets that are funded through the wealth management products. However, this may direct to unintended consequences for higher risk in activities of other shadow banking in shifting the composition of banking sector, as per the analysts. Peoples bank of china raised the rates of short-term policy twice during the year and developed tougher the assessment based on the macro-prudential for the financial institutions. The regulatory commission of China banking is also taking steps for curbing the risks of the products related to the wealth management and the online lending, guarantee chains of the borrower and the trusts. Borrowers in the division of property, financer of industries and vehicles that are burdened by the overcapacity face that are reduced by the access to the loan of the international bank and the market for the domestic bond (Wang, Hao, Hongli n Wang, Lisheng Wang, and Hao Zhou 2016). SWOT analysis Strength The main strength of the shadow banking is that the system of shadow banking does not require any regulation. As there are so many regulations in association with the bank, this is the biggest advantage that can offset various associated disadvantages. No regulation required for raising the money through selling of the securities that allows the shadow banking to manage as much as risks possible without defeating the obligations. Reports and compliance procedures that can cost million dollars and disruption of the operation are no more required. Weaknesses Shadow banking is not supported by central bank. Therefore, they do not have any back-up that can protect them against the issues if the depositors withdraw their cash all of a sudden. Though the commercial banks indirectly back them up, however, it is quite tough to them for diverting cash into the shadow arm, especially during the crisis period. Opportunities lending provided by the asset managers is the crucial aspect for the effective capital market as the provision of additional credit are crucial to the borrowers, particularly during the distress period of the commercial banking. Further, the private equity funds, hedge funds and other funds will provide loan to the higher risk associated business, for instance, the start-up organizations. However, decisions for lending is usually taken after due diligence with regard to greater flexibilities. Threats the benefits from financed fund have its own costs as the asset managers face the risks associated with the regulatory structures and the operation of the assets. Shadow banking are exposed to various risks that may not have an impact on the conventional large banks. The main threats are as follows: Credit risk an due diligence e. while lending loan to the borrower, the procedures for assessing the credit risk of the borrower accurately, it requires complete disclosures and gatherings of the financial information of the borrower and availability of all the information may not be always available Liquidity risk shares from the ETFs and the open-ended mutual funds are generally tradable and redeemable whereas the invested assets are less liquid. Thus, easy liquidity and redemption options are not easy (Tsai, Kellee 2015). Threats to Chinas highly geared financial system In last decades, China witnessed the boom under the shadow finance, specifically with regard to the entrusted loans. The banks use the shadow credit purchase in big size for circumventing the policy restrictions and the regulations related to bank loan. Proliferation of the shadow credit products and the increasing dependency on the wholesale and short-term funding could lead to the substantial risks with regard to the solvency of the borrower and the default of the corporate loan. Further, the risk related to stability may include under the potential risk for the defaults on the largely held shadow products with regard to the short-term investments associated with high-risk borrowers (Claessens, Stijn, and Lev Ratnovski 2015). Governments reform to mitigate the threats Government of China has taken various reforms for mitigating the threats associated with shadow banking. These are Peer to peer banking the non bank capital raised from various sources that involves trust firms, brokerage firms, insurance firms and the platform for the peer to peer lending. These sources are lend to the stock investors through various innovative channels like offline private fund that matches with the organizations and structured organizations for the mutual funds. Further, one of the most significant developments throughout the stock market bubble is the business related to the matching business of online fund. The peer to peer platform of lending enables the match funding organizations to attract the huge individual lenders which in turn enables the mobilizing of large capital into stock market during the short time period (Li, Jianjun, Sara Hsu, and Yanzhi Qin 2014). Underground banking system under the underground banking system the money is transferred through the informal banking instead of the the formal banking and is recognized through the method that legitimately remitted from oversees workers that are transferred. However, the underground banking are regarded as the channel for money laundering and it is crucial for achieving the balance among regulation of the underground banking to decrease the flow of the illicit funds and giving permissions for the continuous usage of the alternative, legitimate remittance system (Li, Tong 2014). Conclusions It has been concluded from the above discussion that the financial system of China has shifted from the isolated, heavily regulated and bank-dominated system into the increasingly diversified, large and interconnected system. The transformation is developed the efficiencies of financial system and are expected to get benefits for the economic development over the short-term period. This is particularly exists while the financial systems are under excessive pressures from competition to expand them into the riskier market for the assets and the developed regulatory framework is not been kept in pace with the changes. However, the crucial question regarding this is is whether the coordinated arrangements that appeared to be efficient during crisis are equally suited with the normal condition sof operations References Claessens, Stijn, and Lev Ratnovski. "What is shadow banking?." (2015). Dang, Tri Vi, Honglin Wang, and Aidan Yao. "Chinese shadow banking: Bank-centric misperceptions." (2014). Elliott, Douglas J., and Yu Qiao. "Reforming Shadow Banking in China."Economic Studies at Brooking. Available at: https://www. brookings. edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2015/05/12-reforming-shadow-banking-china/elliott--shadow-banking. pdf(2015). Elliott, Douglas, Arthur Kroeber, and Yu Qiao. "Shadow banking in China: A primer."Research paper, The Brookings Institution(2015). Hsu, Sara, and Jianjun Li. "The rise and fall of shadow banking in china."Political Economy Research Institute, Working Paper Series Number375 (2015). Hsu, Sara. "Shadow Banking in China Shen Wei Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, 2016 xiv+ 455 pp. $175.00 ISBN 978-1-78471-676-9."The China Quarterly229 (2017): 232-233. Huang, Robin Hui. "The regulation of shadow banking in China: International and comparative perspectives."Banking Finance Law Review30, no. 3 (2015): 481. Lardy, N. "Shadow Banking in China." InPresentation at the Chicago Feds Sixteenth Annual International Banking Conference. 2013. Li, Jianjun, Sara Hsu, and Yanzhi Qin. "Shadow banking in China: Institutional risks."China Economic Review31 (2014): 119-129. Li, Tong. "Shadow banking in China: expanding scale, evolving structure."Journal of Financial Economic Policy6, no. 3 (2014): 198-211. Lu, Yunlin, Haifeng Guo, Erin H. Kao, and Hung-Gay Fung. "Shadow banking and firm financing in China."International Review of Economics Finance36 (2015): 40-53. Riasi, Arash. 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